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- Electromagnetic waves have, until recently, been the medium for
- the transmission of all telecommunications (telephone,
- television, radio, telex etc.). These waves must pass through
- some kind of channel. Telephone conversations are carried in and
- out of the home by copper wire pairs, while radio and television
- transmissions are carried through the air, though cables are
- sometimes used in order to avoid atmospheric interference.
-
- Radio waves, like all other electromagnetic waves, travel at a
- speed of 300,000,000 metres per second. They are formed by the
- rapid vibration of electrons in an electric circuit. A
- transmitter is an instrument which causes these electrons to
- vibrate. The resulting waves are sent out in all directions from
- an antenna and may be received by any radio antenna. The
- electrons in the antenna begin to vibrate as the waves reach
- them, and the vibrations are then converted by the radio into
- audible sounds.
-
- All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, but they
- also have three variable features. The first of these is
- wavelength. The length of a wave is usually taken to be the
- distance between the tops of two successive crests. (See Figure
- 1.) Radio broadcasts use wavelengths ranging from only a few to
- many thousands of metres. Television transmissions operate on
- wavelengths measuring less than a metre.
-
- A second variable feature of all radio waves is their frequency.
- Whenever a wave passes from one crest to another, it goes
- through one cycle. Look at Figure 1. The three parts of the wave
- are its crest, its zero value, and its trough. A cycle may be
- understood as the distance from one crest to the next, or from
- one zero value or one trough to the next. Frequency is a measure
- of the number of times the cycle is repeated in one second.
- Wavelength and frequency vary in inverse proportion to one
- another, as shown by the chart in Figure 2. The unit of
- measurement used for wave frequency is the hertz, named after the German
- scientist Heinrich Hertz, who discovered radio waves in the l9th
- century. One hertz is one cycle per second. Since
- electromagnetic waves may have frequencies measuring in the
- billions of hertz, the prefixes kilo, mega, and giga are
- commonly used.
-
- 1 hertz:
-
- 1 cycle per second
-
- 1 kilohertz: 1000 cycles per second
-
- 1 megahertz: 1,000,000 cycles per second
-
- 1 gigahertz: 1,000,000,000 cycles per second
-
- Finally, a wave may be measured by its amplitude, i.e., the
- distance between its crest and its zero value, or point of
- equilibrium. Amplitude is a measure of the power or intensity of
- the wave.
-
-
-
- A radio transmitter sends out a continuous signal of constant
- wavelength called a carrier wave. Sound waves picked up by the
- studio microphone are converted into electrical vibrations which
- are used to adapt, or modulate, these carrier waves. There are
- two kinds of modulation: amplitude modulation (AM), in which the
- amplitude of the carrier wave is altered; and frequency
- modulation (FM), which changes the frequency of the carrier
- wave. At the receiving end, an electrical circuit in the radio
- selects the modulated signal and changes it into an exact copy
- of the varying current from the studio microphone. A loudspeaker
- in the radio set recreates the sounds that were originally
- produced in the studio.
-
-
-
- Television transmissions work in a way similar to radio
- transmissions, except that a second carrier wave is needed to
- carry the information about the picture. This picture signal is
- modulated, varying with the brightness and colours of the image
- scanned by the television camera. The variations in the carrier
- wave are reproduced in the electron beam as it scans the inside
- of the television screen, producing the television picture which
- we see.
-
-
-
- A recent development in telecommunications is to replace wires
- and cables by the use of optical fibres as a channel for
- transmitting signals. Optical fibres are extremely thin threads
- of almost completely pure glass. Beams of light from lasers can
- be transmitted for very long distances through these optical
- fibres. The message is usually transmitted as a digital sequence
- of coded impulses which are used in the transmitter to switch
- the light source on and off. A receiver at the other end of the
- optical fibre converts the light signals into the original
- electronic digital signal.
-
-
-
- The use of optical fibres has several advantages. The glass in
- the fibres is so pure that the light signals can travel a very
- long way through them before they lose their strength and need
- to be amplified. Radio waves travelling through cables must be
- amplified much more frequently. Secondly, the use of digital
- codes makes this type of transmission compatible with the latest
- computer technology, which also uses digital coding and
- processing of information.
-
-
-
- Many modern telephone systems have now replaced large sections
- of their cable networks with optical fibres. However, both
- amplification stations and complex switching systems are still
- needed. For these reasons, it is likely that satellite relay
- stations will continue to be used for many years as the main
- method of long distance telecommunications.
-